The Importance of Intravenous Perioperative Lidocaine as an Adjuvant to Acute Post Operative Pain Control: A Narrative Review Article
-
Katayoun Haryalchi
,
Sepehr Olangian-Tehrani
,
Parisa kasmaei
,
Sedighe Bab Eghbal
,
Abtin Heidarzadeh
,
Fardin Mehrabian
,
Tohid Karami
Abstract
Background: Nowadays perioperative adjuvants become popular, and they can decrease post-operative opioid consumption gradually, Lidocaine is one of those. It is sodium channel blocker and has a multimodal effect. It is a local anesthetic that has analgesic, antiarrhythmic, anti-hyperalgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neuropathic effect. With these descriptions, can decreases hospital staying period, ameliorate pain scores with post-operative analgesia with opioid-sparing effect, and finally has cost efficiency. It is available, inexpensive, simple, safe, and its’ consumption is easy, making faster bowel habits return and better rehabilitation after the surgeries. This narrative review has been written to evaluate these properties of Lidocaine.
Methods: The aim of this narrative review was assess the significance of peri-operative lidocaine as an adjuvant to manage acute postoperative pain. The manuscript has been presented as a comprehensive search that was conducted across several major databases, included: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search focused on studies published between 1990 and 2024 to provide a broad perspective on both historical and current evidence.
Results: This review has reported the results of several articles. It can be obvious perioperative Lidocaine consumption as an adjuvant reduce post-operative pain perception, improve returning bowel habits, and post-surgical better rehabilitation and pain control.
Conclusion: Review of these articles illustrated;perioperative systemic lidocaine as an adjuvant with efficiency of reducing post-operative pain perception, has an opioid-sparing effect, improving intestinal activity and decreasing post-operative recovery period. Finally bring more comfort for patients and accompanying, less pressure on staff and most importantly is economical for both sides.
[1] Haryalchi K, Abedinzade M, Khanaki K, Ghanaie MM, Zadeh FM. Whether preventive low dose magnesium sulphate infusion has an influence on postoperative pain perception and the level of serum beta-endorphin throughout the total abdominal hysterectomy. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (English Edition). 2017; 64(7):384-90.
[2] Haryalchi K, Ghanaie MM, Yaghoubi Y, Milani F, Faraji R. An assessment of changes in the magnesium level during gynecological abdominal surgeries. J Basic Clin Reprod Sci. 2013; 2(2):110-4.
[3] Taheri A, Haryalchi K, Mansour Ghanaie M, Habibi Arejan N. Effect of Low‐Dose (Single‐Dose) Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Analgesia in Hysterectomy Patients Receiving Balanced General Anesthesia. Anesth Res Pract. 2015; 2015(1):306145.
[4] Mansourghanaei M, Haryalchi K, Asgari SA, Salamat F, Zoghi M. An Assessment on Post Cesarean Pain Relief in Preeclampsia Parturient who Received Magnesium Sulfate. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(11):75-82.
[5] Lang C, Makic MBF. Managing Postoperative Pain: Rethinking Adjuvant Therapies. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020; 35(2):212-4.
[6] Naderi Nabi B, Haryalchi K, Farzi F, Atrkar Roshan Z, Ghamatzadeh G, seddighnezhad A. Comparing the Effect of Normal Saline and Sodium Bicarbonate on Duration of Anesthesia Following Epidural Anesthesia by Lidocaine 2% in Patients with Femoral Fracture. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2005; 14(54):46-52.
[7] Chu R, Umukoro N, Greer T, Roberts J, Adekoya P, Odonkor CA, et al. Intravenous lidocaine infusion for the management of early postoperative pain: a comprehensive review of controlled trials. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020; 50(4 Suppl 1):216.
[8] Heath C, Hii J, Thalayasingam P, von Ungern‐Sternberg BS, Sommerfield D. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine use in children. Pediatric Anesth. 2023; 33(5):336-46.
[9] Tonev D. Intravenous Lidocaine in Non-Opioid Multimodal Perioperative Pain Management: Current Controversy and Future Perspectives. Pain Management-From Acute to Chronic and Beyond: IntechOpen. 2023.
[10] Malhotra N, Joshi M, Dey S, Sahoo R, Verma S, Asish K. Recent trends in chronic pain medicine. Indian J Anaesth. 2023; 67(1):123-9.
[11] Kopustinskiene DM, Bernatonyte U, Maslii Y, Herbina N, Bernatoniene J. Natural herbal non-opioid topical pain relievers—comparison with traditional therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(12):2648.
[12] Foo I, Macfarlane A, Srivastava D, Bhaskar A, Barker H, Knaggs R, et al. The use of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and recovery: international consensus statement on efficacy and safety. Anaesth. 2021; 76(2):238-50.
[13] Weibel S, Jokinen J, Pace N, Schnabel A, Hollmann M, Hahnenkamp K, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after surgery: a systematic review with trial sequential analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2016; 116(6):770-83.
[14] Kang JG, Kim MH, Kim EH, Lee SH. Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine reduces hospital length of stay following open gastrectomy for stomach cancer in men. J Clin Anesth. 2012; 24(6):465-70.
[15] Samimi S, Taheri A, Tanha FD. Comparison between intraperitoneal and intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia after elective abdominal hysterectomy, a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Fam Reprod Health. 2015; 9(4):193.
[16] Yue H, Zhou M, Lu Y, Chen L, Cui W. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative pain in patients undergoing intraspinal tumor resection: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2020:1401-10.
[17] Baral BK, Bhattarai BK, Rahman TR, Singh SN, Regmi R. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Nepal Med Coll J. 2010; 12(4):215-20.
[18] Li J, Wang G, Xu W, Ding M, Yu W. Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine on pain relief in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg(London, England). 2018; 50:137-45.
[19] Zengin SU, Saracoglu A, Eti Z, Umuroglu T, Gogus FY. The effects of preoperative oral pregabalin and perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative morphine requirement in patients undergoing laparatomy. Pain Res Manag. 2015; 20(4):179-82.
[20] Lauwick S, Kim D, Mistraletti G, Carli F. Functional walking capacity as an outcome measure of laparoscopic prostatectomy: the effect of lidocaine infusion. Br J Anaesth. 2009; 103(2):213-9.
[21] Ndikontar R, Bengono Bengono RS, Amengle AL, Tochie JN, Jemea B, Metogo Mbengono J, et al. Adjuvant Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine is Effective and Safe for Postoperative Pain Management and Rehabilitation in Gynecology Surgery: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Hosp Pract Res. 2022; 7(4):131-7.
[22] McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs. 2010; 70:1149-63.
[23] Koppert W, Weigand M, Neumann F, Sittl R, Schuettler J, Schmelz M, et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004; 98(4):1050-5.
[24] Tikuišis R, Miliauskas P, Samalavičius N, Žurauskas A, Samalavičius R, Zabulis V. Intravenous lidocaine for post-operative pain relief after hand-assisted laparoscopic colon surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2014; 18:373-80.
[25] Bajracharya JL, Subedi A, Pokharel K, Bhattarai B. The effect of intraoperative lidocaine versus esmolol infusion on postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Anesth. 2019; 19:1-9.
[26] Greenwood E, Nimmo S, Paterson H, Homer N, Foo I. Intravenous lidocaine infusion as a component of multimodal analgesia for colorectal surgery—measurement of plasma levels. Perioper Med.. 2019; 8:1-5.
[27] Yardeni IZ, Beilin B, Mayburd E, Levinson Y, Bessler H. The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine on postoperative pain and immune function. Anesth Analg. 2009; 109(5):1464-9.
[28] Ates İ, Aydin ME, Ahiskalioglu A, Ahiskalioglu EO, Kaya Z, Gozeler MS. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. ur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 277:1095-100.
[29] Khan JS, Hodgson N, Choi S, Reid S, Paul JE, Hong NJL, et al. Perioperative pregabalin and intraoperative lidocaine infusion to reduce persistent neuropathic pain after breast cancer surgery: a multicenter, factorial, randomized, controlled pilot trial. J Pain. 2019; 20(8):980-93.
[30] Wang Q, Ding X, Huai D, Zhao W, Wang J, Xie C. Effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative early recovery quality in upper airway surgery. Laryngoscope. 2021; 131(1): E63-E9.
[31] Omote K. Intravenous lidocaine to treat postoperative pain management: novel strategy with a long-established drug. Anesthesiology. 2007; 106(1):5-6.
[32] Kim KT, Cho DC, Sung JK, Kim YB, Kang H, Song KS, et al. Intraoperative systemic infusion of lidocaine reduces postoperative pain after lumbar surgery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Spine J. 2014; 14(8):1559-66.
[33] Terkawi AS, Durieux ME, Gottschalk A, Brenin D, Tiouririne M. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative recovery of patients undergoing mastectomy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014; 39(6):472-7.
[34] Farag E, Ghobrial M, Sessler DI, Dalton JE, Liu J, Lee JH, et al. Effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine administration on pain, opioid consumption, and quality of life after complex spine surgery. Anesth. 2013; 119(4):932-40.
[35] Lowenstein L, Zimmer EZ, Deutsch M, Paz Y, Yaniv D, Jakobi P. Preoperative analgesia with local lidocaine infiltration for abdominal hysterectomy pain management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008; 136(2):239-42.
[36] Sekhavat L, Behdad S. Preoperative analgesia with local lidocaine for cesarean delivery pain relief. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011; 24(7):891-3.
[37] Kessous R, Wiznitzer A, Polachek H, Weintraub AY, Zlotnik A, Pariente G, et al. Preoperative analgesia with local lidocaine infiltration for post cesarean delivery pain management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(7):1131-4.
[38] De Oliveira Jr GS, Fitzgerald P, Streicher LF, Marcus R-J, McCarthy RJ. Systemic lidocaine to improve postoperative quality of recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012; 115(2):262-7.
[39] Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council. J Pain. 2016; 17(2):131-57.
[40] Xu Y, Ye M, Hong Y, Kang Y, Li Y, Xiao X, et al. Efficacy of perioperative continuous intravenous lidocaine infusion for 72 hours on postoperative pain and recovery in patients undergoing hepatectomy: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2021:3665-74.
[41] Yazici KK, Kaya M, Aksu B, Ünver S. The effect of perioperative lidocaine infusion on postoperative pain and postsurgical recovery parameters in gynecologic cancer surgery. Clin J Pain. 2021; 37(2):126-32.
[42] Chang YC, Liu CL, Liu TP, Yang PS, Chen MJ, Cheng SP. Effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on acute and chronic pain after breast surgery: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Pract. 2017; 17(3):336-43.
[43] Kaba A, Laurent SR, Detroz BJ, Sessler DI, Durieux ME, Lamy ML, et al. Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy. Anesthesiology. 2007; 106(1):11-8.
[44] Eipe N, Gupta S, Penning J. Intravenous lidocaine for acute pain: an evidence-based clinical update. BJA Educ. 2016; 16(9):292-8.
[2] Haryalchi K, Ghanaie MM, Yaghoubi Y, Milani F, Faraji R. An assessment of changes in the magnesium level during gynecological abdominal surgeries. J Basic Clin Reprod Sci. 2013; 2(2):110-4.
[3] Taheri A, Haryalchi K, Mansour Ghanaie M, Habibi Arejan N. Effect of Low‐Dose (Single‐Dose) Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Analgesia in Hysterectomy Patients Receiving Balanced General Anesthesia. Anesth Res Pract. 2015; 2015(1):306145.
[4] Mansourghanaei M, Haryalchi K, Asgari SA, Salamat F, Zoghi M. An Assessment on Post Cesarean Pain Relief in Preeclampsia Parturient who Received Magnesium Sulfate. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2016; 18(11):75-82.
[5] Lang C, Makic MBF. Managing Postoperative Pain: Rethinking Adjuvant Therapies. J Perianesth Nurs. 2020; 35(2):212-4.
[6] Naderi Nabi B, Haryalchi K, Farzi F, Atrkar Roshan Z, Ghamatzadeh G, seddighnezhad A. Comparing the Effect of Normal Saline and Sodium Bicarbonate on Duration of Anesthesia Following Epidural Anesthesia by Lidocaine 2% in Patients with Femoral Fracture. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2005; 14(54):46-52.
[7] Chu R, Umukoro N, Greer T, Roberts J, Adekoya P, Odonkor CA, et al. Intravenous lidocaine infusion for the management of early postoperative pain: a comprehensive review of controlled trials. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020; 50(4 Suppl 1):216.
[8] Heath C, Hii J, Thalayasingam P, von Ungern‐Sternberg BS, Sommerfield D. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine use in children. Pediatric Anesth. 2023; 33(5):336-46.
[9] Tonev D. Intravenous Lidocaine in Non-Opioid Multimodal Perioperative Pain Management: Current Controversy and Future Perspectives. Pain Management-From Acute to Chronic and Beyond: IntechOpen. 2023.
[10] Malhotra N, Joshi M, Dey S, Sahoo R, Verma S, Asish K. Recent trends in chronic pain medicine. Indian J Anaesth. 2023; 67(1):123-9.
[11] Kopustinskiene DM, Bernatonyte U, Maslii Y, Herbina N, Bernatoniene J. Natural herbal non-opioid topical pain relievers—comparison with traditional therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(12):2648.
[12] Foo I, Macfarlane A, Srivastava D, Bhaskar A, Barker H, Knaggs R, et al. The use of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative pain and recovery: international consensus statement on efficacy and safety. Anaesth. 2021; 76(2):238-50.
[13] Weibel S, Jokinen J, Pace N, Schnabel A, Hollmann M, Hahnenkamp K, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia and recovery after surgery: a systematic review with trial sequential analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2016; 116(6):770-83.
[14] Kang JG, Kim MH, Kim EH, Lee SH. Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine reduces hospital length of stay following open gastrectomy for stomach cancer in men. J Clin Anesth. 2012; 24(6):465-70.
[15] Samimi S, Taheri A, Tanha FD. Comparison between intraperitoneal and intravenous lidocaine for postoperative analgesia after elective abdominal hysterectomy, a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Fam Reprod Health. 2015; 9(4):193.
[16] Yue H, Zhou M, Lu Y, Chen L, Cui W. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative pain in patients undergoing intraspinal tumor resection: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2020:1401-10.
[17] Baral BK, Bhattarai BK, Rahman TR, Singh SN, Regmi R. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. Nepal Med Coll J. 2010; 12(4):215-20.
[18] Li J, Wang G, Xu W, Ding M, Yu W. Efficacy of intravenous lidocaine on pain relief in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg(London, England). 2018; 50:137-45.
[19] Zengin SU, Saracoglu A, Eti Z, Umuroglu T, Gogus FY. The effects of preoperative oral pregabalin and perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative morphine requirement in patients undergoing laparatomy. Pain Res Manag. 2015; 20(4):179-82.
[20] Lauwick S, Kim D, Mistraletti G, Carli F. Functional walking capacity as an outcome measure of laparoscopic prostatectomy: the effect of lidocaine infusion. Br J Anaesth. 2009; 103(2):213-9.
[21] Ndikontar R, Bengono Bengono RS, Amengle AL, Tochie JN, Jemea B, Metogo Mbengono J, et al. Adjuvant Perioperative Intravenous Lidocaine is Effective and Safe for Postoperative Pain Management and Rehabilitation in Gynecology Surgery: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Hosp Pract Res. 2022; 7(4):131-7.
[22] McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs. 2010; 70:1149-63.
[23] Koppert W, Weigand M, Neumann F, Sittl R, Schuettler J, Schmelz M, et al. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine has preventive effects on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004; 98(4):1050-5.
[24] Tikuišis R, Miliauskas P, Samalavičius N, Žurauskas A, Samalavičius R, Zabulis V. Intravenous lidocaine for post-operative pain relief after hand-assisted laparoscopic colon surgery: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Tech Coloproctol. 2014; 18:373-80.
[25] Bajracharya JL, Subedi A, Pokharel K, Bhattarai B. The effect of intraoperative lidocaine versus esmolol infusion on postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Anesth. 2019; 19:1-9.
[26] Greenwood E, Nimmo S, Paterson H, Homer N, Foo I. Intravenous lidocaine infusion as a component of multimodal analgesia for colorectal surgery—measurement of plasma levels. Perioper Med.. 2019; 8:1-5.
[27] Yardeni IZ, Beilin B, Mayburd E, Levinson Y, Bessler H. The effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine on postoperative pain and immune function. Anesth Analg. 2009; 109(5):1464-9.
[28] Ates İ, Aydin ME, Ahiskalioglu A, Ahiskalioglu EO, Kaya Z, Gozeler MS. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. ur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 277:1095-100.
[29] Khan JS, Hodgson N, Choi S, Reid S, Paul JE, Hong NJL, et al. Perioperative pregabalin and intraoperative lidocaine infusion to reduce persistent neuropathic pain after breast cancer surgery: a multicenter, factorial, randomized, controlled pilot trial. J Pain. 2019; 20(8):980-93.
[30] Wang Q, Ding X, Huai D, Zhao W, Wang J, Xie C. Effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative early recovery quality in upper airway surgery. Laryngoscope. 2021; 131(1): E63-E9.
[31] Omote K. Intravenous lidocaine to treat postoperative pain management: novel strategy with a long-established drug. Anesthesiology. 2007; 106(1):5-6.
[32] Kim KT, Cho DC, Sung JK, Kim YB, Kang H, Song KS, et al. Intraoperative systemic infusion of lidocaine reduces postoperative pain after lumbar surgery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Spine J. 2014; 14(8):1559-66.
[33] Terkawi AS, Durieux ME, Gottschalk A, Brenin D, Tiouririne M. Effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative recovery of patients undergoing mastectomy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014; 39(6):472-7.
[34] Farag E, Ghobrial M, Sessler DI, Dalton JE, Liu J, Lee JH, et al. Effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine administration on pain, opioid consumption, and quality of life after complex spine surgery. Anesth. 2013; 119(4):932-40.
[35] Lowenstein L, Zimmer EZ, Deutsch M, Paz Y, Yaniv D, Jakobi P. Preoperative analgesia with local lidocaine infiltration for abdominal hysterectomy pain management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008; 136(2):239-42.
[36] Sekhavat L, Behdad S. Preoperative analgesia with local lidocaine for cesarean delivery pain relief. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011; 24(7):891-3.
[37] Kessous R, Wiznitzer A, Polachek H, Weintraub AY, Zlotnik A, Pariente G, et al. Preoperative analgesia with local lidocaine infiltration for post cesarean delivery pain management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012; 25(7):1131-4.
[38] De Oliveira Jr GS, Fitzgerald P, Streicher LF, Marcus R-J, McCarthy RJ. Systemic lidocaine to improve postoperative quality of recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012; 115(2):262-7.
[39] Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, et al. Management of Postoperative Pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative council. J Pain. 2016; 17(2):131-57.
[40] Xu Y, Ye M, Hong Y, Kang Y, Li Y, Xiao X, et al. Efficacy of perioperative continuous intravenous lidocaine infusion for 72 hours on postoperative pain and recovery in patients undergoing hepatectomy: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2021:3665-74.
[41] Yazici KK, Kaya M, Aksu B, Ünver S. The effect of perioperative lidocaine infusion on postoperative pain and postsurgical recovery parameters in gynecologic cancer surgery. Clin J Pain. 2021; 37(2):126-32.
[42] Chang YC, Liu CL, Liu TP, Yang PS, Chen MJ, Cheng SP. Effect of perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion on acute and chronic pain after breast surgery: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Pract. 2017; 17(3):336-43.
[43] Kaba A, Laurent SR, Detroz BJ, Sessler DI, Durieux ME, Lamy ML, et al. Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy. Anesthesiology. 2007; 106(1):11-8.
[44] Eipe N, Gupta S, Penning J. Intravenous lidocaine for acute pain: an evidence-based clinical update. BJA Educ. 2016; 16(9):292-8.
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How to Cite
1.
Haryalchi K, Olangian-Tehrani S, kasmaei P, Bab Eghbal S, Heidarzadeh A, Mehrabian F, Karami T. The Importance of Intravenous Perioperative Lidocaine as an Adjuvant to Acute Post Operative Pain Control: A Narrative Review Article. Arch Anesth & Crit Care. 2025;.
