Mentoring Program in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review Study
Abstract
Background: Academic medicine depends on mentoring as a way for people to work together to improve their personal and professional lives. However, more clinical, administrative, research, and other educational demands are putting stress on medical faculty mentoring. Therefore, we need to evaluate the evidence supporting the value of mentoring.
Methods: In the present systematic review, 74 related studies were retrieved from international and national databases. In addition, the gray literature was searched via Google Scholar. Out of these, 16 studies were selected for the conduction study. We extracted the necessary data for our study from the research and stored it in Excel. We obtained the variance of the research using the binomial distribution. In addition, heterogeneity of research was done by the I2 index. We evaluated the information using a random effects model.
Results: The results indicated that the mentoring program included three stages: “Targeting and Familiarization with the Implementation of the Mentoring Program,” “Mentoring Program Implementation,” and “Evaluation of the Mentoring Program.” The Traditional One-to-One Mentoring Program, the Peer Mentoring Program, and the Distance Education Mentoring Program were some of the ways that the plan was put into action.
Conclusion: Mentoring is perceived as an important part of academic medicine, but the evidence to support this perception is not strong.
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[28] Bierema LL, Hill JR. Virtual mentoring and HRD. Adv Dev Hum Resour. 2005; 7(4):556-568.
[29] Sanyal C, Rigby C. E-mentoring as a HRD intervention: an exploratory action research study within an international professional mentoring scheme. Hum Resource Dev Int. 2017; 20(1):18-36.
[30] Buckenmeyer J, Hixon E, Barczyk C, Feldman L. Does participation in a faculty distance education mentoring program comprehensively improve teaching methods? Int J E-Learning. 2013; 12(2):139-152.
[31] Abbaspour A, Taskoh AK, Mohammaditabar S. The components of the development of faculty members at universities of medical sciences in Iran and the world: a systematic review. Educ Res Med Sci. 2018; 7(2):e81735.
[32] Haber-Curran P, Everman D, Martinez MA. Mentors’ personal growth and development in a college access mentorship program. Mentoring Tutoring. 2017; 25(4):485-503.
[33] Bredella MA, Fessell D, Thrall JH. Mentorship in academic radiology: why it matters. Insights Imaging. 2019; 10(1):1-7.
[34] Sabeghi H, Vagharseyyedin SA, Salmani Mood M. Collaborative mentoring: perceptions of a sample of Iranian nursing and midwifery faculties. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2020; 8(4):189.
[35] Amini M, Kojuri J, Dehghani MR, Mani A, Nabeiei P, Khalili R, et al. Designing a system of mentorship in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2017; 5(2):49-50.
[36] Morzinski JA, Graham AV, Lala S, Straussner A, Schoener E, Marcus MT, et al. Interdisciplinary and distance mentoring in a national substance abuse faculty development program. J Teach Addict. 2008; 6(1):19-34.
[37] Lach HW, Hertz JE, Pomeroy SH, Resnick B, Buckwalter KC. The challenges and benefits of distance mentoring. J Prof Nurs. 2013; 29(1):39-48.
[38] Iqbal H. E-mentoring: an effective platform for distance learning. E-mentor. 2020; 2(84):54-61.
[39] Adedoyin OB, Soykan E. Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interact Learn Environ. 2020; 56:1-13.
[40] Zey M. Virtual mentoring: the challenges and opportunities of electronically-mediated formal mentor programs. Rev Bus Res. 2011; 11(4):141-152.
[41] Karimi MH, Zhianifard A, Jafarzadeh H, Behnam H, Tavakol AJ. Experiences of faculty members in relation to the academic promotion process. Strides Dev Med Educ. 2015; 4(11):485-499.
[42] Salajegheh M, Hekmat SN, Macky M. Challenges and solutions for the promotion of medical sciences faculty members in Iran: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2022; 22(1):1-9.
[43] Nezhad MA, Tatari F, Borji A. A comprehensive approach to faculty members’ promotion policies. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2019; 9(3):115-122.
[44] Feldman MD, Steinauer JE, Khalili M, Huang L, Kahn JS, Lee KA, et al. A mentor development program for clinical translational science faculty leads to sustained, improved confidence in mentoring skills. Clin Transl Sci. 2012; 5(4):362-367.
[45] Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marusic A. A systematic review of qualitative research on the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in academic medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2010; 25(1):72-78.
[46] Hubbard Murdoch N, Ens E, Gustafson B, Chambers-Richards T. A mixed method mentorship audit: assessing the culture that impacts teaching and learning in a polytechnic. Empir Res Voc Educ Train. 2021; 13(1):1-22.
[2] Szelągowska-Rudzka K. Human resources management in higher education institutions in Poland. Management. 2018; 22(1):208-225.
[3] Schrubbe KF. Mentorship: a critical component for professional growth and academic success. J Dent Educ. 2004; 68(3):324-328.
[4] Fleming GM, Simmons JH, Xu M, Gesell SB, Brown RF, Cutrer WB, et al. A facilitated peer mentoring program for junior faculty to promote professional development and peer networking. Acad Med. 2015; 90(6):819.
[5] Williams SL, Kim J. E-mentoring in online course projects: description of an e-mentoring scheme. Int J Evid Based Coach Ment. 2011; 9(2):80-96.
[6] McDaniel CE, Rooholamini SN, Desai AD, Reddy S, Marshall SG. A qualitative evaluation of a clinical faculty mentorship program using a realist evaluation approach. Acad Pediatr. 2020; 20(1):104-112.
[7] Anderson CB, Chang S, Lee HY, Baldwin CD. Identifying effective mentors in scientific communication: a latent profile analysis of mentor beliefs. J Career Dev. 2020; 49(2):0894845320924127.
[8] Al‐Jewair T, Herbert AK, Leggitt VL, Ware TL, Hogge M, Senior C, et al. Evaluation of faculty mentoring practices in seven US dental schools. J Dent Educ. 2019; 83(12):1392-1401.
[9] Baroudi S, David SA. Nurturing female leadership skills through peer mentoring role: a study among undergraduate students in the United Arab Emirates. High Educ Quart. 2020; 74(4):458-474.
[10] Allen TD, Eby LT, Poteet ML, Lentz E, Lima L. Career benefits associated with mentoring for protégés: a meta-analysis. J Appl Psychol. 2004; 89(1):127-136.
[11] Hamilton LK, Boman J, Rubin H, Sahota BK. Examining the impact of a university mentorship program on student outcomes. Int J Mentoring Coach Educ. 2019; 8(1):19-36.
[12] Behar-Horenstein LS, Feng X, Prikhidko A, Su Y, Kuang H, Fillingim RB. Assessing Mentor Academy program effectiveness using mixed methods. Mentor Tutoring. 2019; 27(1):109-125.
[13] Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Group P. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 151(4):264-269.
[14] Illes J, Glover GH, Wexler L, Leung ANC, Glazer GM. A model for faculty mentoring in academic radiology. Acad Radiol. 2000; 7(9):717-724.
[15] Pololi LH, Knight SM, Dennis K, Frankel RM. Helping medical school faculty realize their dreams: an innovative, collaborative mentoring program. Acad Med. 2002; 77(5):377-384.
[16] Zeind CS, Zdanowicz M, MacDonald K, Parkhurst C, King C, Wizwer P. Developing a sustainable faculty mentoring program. Am J Pharm Educ. 2005; 69(5):100.
[17] Thorndyke LE, Gusic ME, George JH, Quillen DA, Milner RJ. Empowering junior faculty: Penn State’s faculty development and mentoring program. Acad Med. 2006; 81(7):668-673.
[18] Thorndyke LE, Gusic ME, Milner RJ. Functional mentoring: a practical approach with multilevel outcomes. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2008; 28(3):157-164.
[19] Barczyk C, Buckenmeyer J, Feldman L, Hixon E. Assessment of a university-based distance education mentoring program from a quality management perspective. Mentoring Tutoring: Parternship in Learning. 2011; 19(1):5-24.
[20] Mohammed A, Ali R, Alharbi AAB. The reality of using artificial intelligence techniques in teacher preparation programs in light of the opinions of faculty members: a case study in Saudi Qassim University. Multicultural Educ. 2021; 7(1):5-17.
[21] Haines SL, Popovich NG. Engaging external senior faculty members as faculty mentors. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014; 78(5):1-6.
[22] Jackevicius CA, Le J, Nazer L, Hess K, Wang J, Law AV. A formal mentorship program for faculty development. Am J Pharm Educ. 2014; 78(5):100.
[23] Pololi LH, Evans AT. Group peer mentoring: an answer to the faculty mentoring problem? A successful program at a large academic department of medicine. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2015; 35(3):192-200.
[24] Chen MM, Sandborg CI, Hudgins L, Sanford R, Bachrach LK. A multifaceted mentoring program for junior faculty in academic pediatrics. Teach Learn Med. 2016; 28(3):320-328.
[25] Blanco MA, Qualters DM. Mutual mentoring: effect on faculty career achievements and experiences. Med Teach. 2020; 42(7):799-805.
[26] Nearing KA, Nuechterlein BM, Tan S, Zerzan JT, Libby AM, Austin GL. Training mentor-mentee pairs to build a robust culture for mentorship and a pipeline of clinical and translational researchers: the Colorado Mentoring Training Program. Acad Med. 2020; 95(5):730-736.
[27] Croke J, Tosoni S, Ringash J. “It’s good for the soul”: perceptions of a formal junior faculty mentorship program at a large academic cancer centre. Radiother Oncol. 2021; 162:119-123.
[28] Bierema LL, Hill JR. Virtual mentoring and HRD. Adv Dev Hum Resour. 2005; 7(4):556-568.
[29] Sanyal C, Rigby C. E-mentoring as a HRD intervention: an exploratory action research study within an international professional mentoring scheme. Hum Resource Dev Int. 2017; 20(1):18-36.
[30] Buckenmeyer J, Hixon E, Barczyk C, Feldman L. Does participation in a faculty distance education mentoring program comprehensively improve teaching methods? Int J E-Learning. 2013; 12(2):139-152.
[31] Abbaspour A, Taskoh AK, Mohammaditabar S. The components of the development of faculty members at universities of medical sciences in Iran and the world: a systematic review. Educ Res Med Sci. 2018; 7(2):e81735.
[32] Haber-Curran P, Everman D, Martinez MA. Mentors’ personal growth and development in a college access mentorship program. Mentoring Tutoring. 2017; 25(4):485-503.
[33] Bredella MA, Fessell D, Thrall JH. Mentorship in academic radiology: why it matters. Insights Imaging. 2019; 10(1):1-7.
[34] Sabeghi H, Vagharseyyedin SA, Salmani Mood M. Collaborative mentoring: perceptions of a sample of Iranian nursing and midwifery faculties. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2020; 8(4):189.
[35] Amini M, Kojuri J, Dehghani MR, Mani A, Nabeiei P, Khalili R, et al. Designing a system of mentorship in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 2017; 5(2):49-50.
[36] Morzinski JA, Graham AV, Lala S, Straussner A, Schoener E, Marcus MT, et al. Interdisciplinary and distance mentoring in a national substance abuse faculty development program. J Teach Addict. 2008; 6(1):19-34.
[37] Lach HW, Hertz JE, Pomeroy SH, Resnick B, Buckwalter KC. The challenges and benefits of distance mentoring. J Prof Nurs. 2013; 29(1):39-48.
[38] Iqbal H. E-mentoring: an effective platform for distance learning. E-mentor. 2020; 2(84):54-61.
[39] Adedoyin OB, Soykan E. Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interact Learn Environ. 2020; 56:1-13.
[40] Zey M. Virtual mentoring: the challenges and opportunities of electronically-mediated formal mentor programs. Rev Bus Res. 2011; 11(4):141-152.
[41] Karimi MH, Zhianifard A, Jafarzadeh H, Behnam H, Tavakol AJ. Experiences of faculty members in relation to the academic promotion process. Strides Dev Med Educ. 2015; 4(11):485-499.
[42] Salajegheh M, Hekmat SN, Macky M. Challenges and solutions for the promotion of medical sciences faculty members in Iran: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2022; 22(1):1-9.
[43] Nezhad MA, Tatari F, Borji A. A comprehensive approach to faculty members’ promotion policies. J Adv Pharm Educ Res. 2019; 9(3):115-122.
[44] Feldman MD, Steinauer JE, Khalili M, Huang L, Kahn JS, Lee KA, et al. A mentor development program for clinical translational science faculty leads to sustained, improved confidence in mentoring skills. Clin Transl Sci. 2012; 5(4):362-367.
[45] Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marusic A. A systematic review of qualitative research on the meaning and characteristics of mentoring in academic medicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2010; 25(1):72-78.
[46] Hubbard Murdoch N, Ens E, Gustafson B, Chambers-Richards T. A mixed method mentorship audit: assessing the culture that impacts teaching and learning in a polytechnic. Empir Res Voc Educ Train. 2021; 13(1):1-22.
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How to Cite
1.
Dabbagh A, Hosseininasab SSM, Behnaz F, Asgari S. Mentoring Program in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review Study. Arch Anesth & Crit Care. 2025;.
