Research Article

Assessment of Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Hernia Pain (CPIP) in Children

Abstract

Background: A hernia is defined as the protrusion of an organ, tissue, or part of an organ through a structure that normally contains it. Inguinal hernias are a type of hernia that causes pain.
Methods: In this study, 62 individuals aged 4 to 18 years who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The tools used included a demographic characteristics form, a patient clinical characteristics form, and the Widder Scale questionnaire. After completing the questionnaires, data related to CPIP (likely an abbreviation for a pain assessment measure, but further information is needed for confirmation) and its influencing factors were entered into SPSS version 18 software and analyzed.
Results: According to the findings, out of 62 patients studied, 3 (4.8%) patients had CPIP, with the prevalence of CPIP being higher in men than in women. Also, none of the postoperative complications, including readmission, hydrocele, infection, and recurrence status, were observed in the patients. Also, regarding the duration of pain, it was shown that the pain of 36 patients was within the time range of up to one week, and the pain of 19 patients was within the time range of one week to one month.
Conclusion: It is essential to follow up on factors affecting CPIP in children undergoing hernia surgery on an ongoing basis or even one year after surgery.

[1] Olesen C, Mortensen L, Öberg S, Rosenberg J. Risk of incarceration in children with inguinal hernia: a systematic review. Hernia. 2019; 23:245-54.
[2] Taylor K, Sonderman KA, Wolf LL, Jiang W, Armstrong LB, Koehlmoos TP, et al. Hernia recurrence following inguinal hernia repair in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2018;53(11):2214-8.
[3] Yeap E, Nataraja RM, Pacilli M. Inguinal hernias in children. Aust J Gen Pract. 2020;49(1/2):38-43.
[4] Weaver KL, Poola AS, Gould JL, Sharp SW, Peter SDS, Holcomb III GW. The risk of developing a symptomatic inguinal hernia in children with an asymptomatic patent processus vaginalis. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52(1):60-4.
[5] Morgado M, Holland AJ. Inguinal hernias in children: Update on management guidelines. J Paediatr Child Health. 2024;60(11):648-53.
[6] Peyvaste M, Askarpour S, Sherafatmand S, Toghyani Dolatabadi M. Comparing the Complications and Recurrence Rate after Inguinal Hernior-rhaphy by Open and Laparoscopic Surgical Methods in Pediatric Patients: A Case-Control Study. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2022; 20:612-9.
[7] Kingsnorth A, LeBlanc K. Hernias: inguinal and incisional. Lancet. 2003;362(9395):1561-71.
[8] Feliz E, Martínez MVM. Inguinal Hernia in Children: A Literature Review. IntechOpen; 2025.
[9] Wang K, Tan SS, Xiao Y, Wang Z, Peng C, Pang W, et al. Characteristics and treatments for pediatric ordinary and incarcerated inguinal hernia based on gender: 12-year experiences from a single center. BMC Surg. 2021;21:1-7.
[10] Ravikumar V, Rajshankar S, Kumar HR, MR NG. A clinical study on the management of inguinal hernias in children on the general surgical practice. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;7(1):144.
[11] Hader HA, Alrashidi TN, Alshehri YA, Abdulhadi NY, Hosiky MF, Alrazhi FS, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Inguinal Hernia Repair in Children: A Retrospective Study. Med Sci. 2020;24(105):3683-9.
[12] Perez Lara F, Del Rey Moreno A, Oliva Muñoz H. Do we really know the symptoms of inguinal hernia? Hernia. 2015;19:703-12.
[13] Kazemnejad K, Hosseini SM, Haydari A, Ghourchaei A. Comparison of the effect of subcutaneous injection of Ketamine and Lidocaine in reducing postoperative pain in patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia surgery under general anesthesia. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2020;22(1):1-6.
[14] Hurley RW, Wu CL. Acute postoperative pain. Miller's anesthesia. 2010:2757-81.
[15] Durmus M, Kadir But A, Saricicek V, Ilksen Toprak H, Ozcan Ersoy M. The post‐operative analgesic effects of a combination of gabapentin and paracetamol in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2007;51(3):299-304.
[16] Correll DJ, Vlassakov KV, Kissin I. No evidence of real progress in treatment of acute pain, 1993-2012: scientometric analysis. J Pain Res. 2014;7:199-210.
[17] Vadivelu N, Mitra S, Narayan D. Recent advances in postoperative pain management. Yale J Biol Med. 2010;83(1):11-25.
[18] Widder A, Reese L, Lock JF, Wiegering A, Germer CT, Kindl GK, et al. Postoperative Analgesics Score as a Predictor of Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair: Lessons Learned From a Retrospective Analysis. World J Surg. 2023;47(10):2436-43.
[19] Widder A, Bucher H, Reinhold AK, Maroske L, Meyer T, Wiegering A, et al. Chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP) after pediatric inguinal hernia repair-a retrospective analysis. Hernia. 2025;29(1):62.
[20] Chen Y-H, Wei C-H, Wang K-WK. Children With Inguinal Hernia Repairs: Age and Gender Characteristics. Glob Pediatr Health. 2018;5:2333794X18816909.
[21] Reinpold W. Risk factors of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair: a systematic review. Innov Surg Sci. 2017;2(2):61-8.
[22] Pierides GA, Paajanen HE, Vironen JH. Factors predicting chronic pain after open mesh based inguinal hernia repair: A prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2016;29:165-70.
[23] Bande D, Moltó L, Pereira JA, Montes A. Chronic pain after groin hernia repair: pain characteristics and impact on quality of life. BMC Surg. 2020;20(1):147.
[24] Forester B, Attaar M, Chirayil S, Kuchta K, Denham W, Linn JG, et al. Predictors of chronic pain after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Surgery. 2021;169(3):586-94.
[25] Kristensen A, Ahlburg P, Lauridsen M, Jensen T, Nikolajsen L. Chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair in children. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109(4):603-8.
[26] Aasvang EK, Kehlet H. Chronic pain after childhood groin hernia repair. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(8):1403-8.
Files
IssueArticle in Press QRcode
SectionResearch Article(s)
Keywords
pain Inguinal hernias postoperative pain

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Sarafi M, Azimi B, Vasigh A, Ebrahimisaraj G. Assessment of Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Hernia Pain (CPIP) in Children. Arch Anesth & Crit Care. 2025;.