Going Back to the Future: Anesthesia and the Human Gut Microbiome
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Abstract
Anesthesia in patient care, both in the perioperative period and in the pain clinic, is a challenging field to engage with - this is secondary to the fact that patients are individuals who are influenced by numerous factors, including the bacterial makeup of their microbiome and its parts. With the focus on personalized medicine as the next frontier, this narrative literature review looks at the current trend in individualized medicine, specifically regarding the use of the microbiome and artificial intelligence in the choice of different drugs for the induction and continuation of surgery as well as the management of pain syndromes in patients. This review also includes a summary of the different research directions that can take place based on the most recent data, including microbiome composition testing, therapeutic alterations, and the use of artificial intelligence to select the best drugs for treating the patient.
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[16] Serbanescu MA, Mathena RP, Xu J, Santiago-Rodriguez T, Hartsell TL, Cano RJ, Mintz CD. General anesthesia alters the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice. Anesth Analg. 2019;129(4):126–9.
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[24] Mars RAT, Yang Y, Ward T, Houtti M, Priya S, Lekatz HR, et al. Longitudinal multi-omics reveals subset-specific mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome. Cell. 2020;182(6):1460–73.
[25] Minerbi A, Gonzalez E, Brereton NJB, Anjarkouchian A, Dewar K, Fitzcharles MA, et al. Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2019;160(11):2589–602.
[26] Chen P, Wang C, Ren YN, Ye ZJ, Jiang C, Wu ZB. Alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in the context of neuropathic pain. Mol Brain. 2021;14(1):1.
[27] Shen S, Lim G, You Z, Ding W, Huang P, Ran C, et al. Gut microbiota is critical for the induction of chemotherapy-induced pain. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(9):1213–6.
[28] Shelke YP, Badge AK, Bankar NJ. Applications of artificial intelligence in microbial diagnosis. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e.
[29] Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J. 2019;6(2):94–8.
[30] Glassock RJ. Artificial intelligence in medicine and nephrology: Hope, hype, and reality. Clin Kidney J. 2024;17(4).
[31] Sahayasheela VJ, Lankadasari MB, Dan VM, Dastager SG, Pandian GN, Sugiyama H. Artificial intelligence in microbial natural product drug discovery: Current and emerging role. Nat Prod Rep. 2022;39(12):2215–30.
[32] Damhorst GL, Adelman MW, Woodworth MH, Kraft CS. Current capabilities of gut microbiome-based diagnostics and the promise of clinical application. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(3):270–5.
[33] Zreloff ZJ, Lange D, Vernon SD, Carlin MR, Cano RJ. Accelerating gut microbiome research with robust sample collection. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;12(1):33–47.
[34] Dogra SK, Doré J, Damak S. Gut microbiota resilience: Definition, link to health and strategies for intervention. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:572921.
[35] Jiang XL, Gu XY, Zhou XX, Chen XM, Zhang X, Yang YT, et al. Intestinal dysbacteriosis mediates the reference memory deficit induced by anaesthesia/surgery in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;80:605–15.
[36] Chen X, Li HY, Hu XM, Zhang Y, Zhang SY. Current understanding of gut microbiota alterations and related therapeutic intervention strategies in heart failure. Chin Med J (Engl). 2019;132(15):1843–55.
[2] Lynch SV, Pedersen O. The Human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(24):2369–79.
[3] Gilbert JA, Blaser MJ, Caporaso JG, Jansson JK, Lynch SV, Knight R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat Med. 2018;24(4):392–400.
[4] Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012;486(7402):207–14.
[5] Zeitler CM, Varkey TC, Merhavy ZI. The microbiome and the future of anesthesia. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;9(3):135–6.
[6] Minerbi A, Shen S. Gut microbiome in anesthesiology and pain medicine. Anesthesiology. 2022;137(1):93–108.
[7] Beaumont M, Van Treuren W, Knight R, Bell JT, Spector TD, Clark AG, Ley RE. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome. Cell. 2014;159(4):789–9.
[8] Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E, Kurilshikov A, Korem T, Zeevi D, et al. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature. 2018;555(7695):210–5.
[9] Goodrich JK, Waters JL, Poole AC, Sutter JL, Koren O, Blekhman R, et al. Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs. eLife. 2013;2:e00458.
[10] Fragiadakis GK, Smits SA, Sonnenburg ED, Van Treuren W, Reid G, Knight R, et al. Links between environment, diet, and the hunter-gatherer microbiome. Gut Microbes. 2019;10(2):216–27.
[11] Flores GE, Caporaso JG, Henley JB, Rideout JR, Domogala D, Chase J, et al. Temporal variability is a personalized feature of the human microbiome. Genome Biol. 2014;15(12):531.
[12] Erny D, Hrabě de Angelis AL, Prinz M. Communicating systems in the body: how microbiota and microglia cooperate. Immunology. 2017;150(1):7–15.
[13] Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Shanahan F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(1):146–8.
[14] Akira S, Hemm H. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family. Immunol Lett. 2003;85(2):85–95.
[15] Liu S, da Cunha AP, Rezende RM, Cialic R, Wei Z, Bry L, et al. The host shapes the gut microbiota via fecal microRNA. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(1):32–43.
[16] Serbanescu MA, Mathena RP, Xu J, Santiago-Rodriguez T, Hartsell TL, Cano RJ, Mintz CD. General anesthesia alters the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice. Anesth Analg. 2019;129(4):126–9.
[17] Han C, Zhang Z, Guo N, Li X, Yang M, Peng Y, et al. Effects of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia on the intestinal microbiome in mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:1.
[18] Lian X, Zhu Q, Sun L, Cheng Y. Effect of anesthesia/surgery on gut microbiota and fecal metabolites and their relationship with cognitive dysfunction. Front Syst Neurosci. 2021;15:1.
[19] Guo N, Zhang Z, Han C, Chen L, Zheng X, Yu K, et al. Effects of continuous intravenous infusion of propofol on intestinal flora in rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;134:111080.
[20] Wang F, Meng J, Zhang L, Johnson T, Chen C, Roy S. Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):3596.
[21] Zhang L, Meng J, Ban Y, Jalodia R, Chupikova I, Fernandez I, et al. Morphine tolerance is attenuated in germfree mice and reversed by probiotics, implicating the role of gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(27):13523–32.
[22] Tap J, Derrien M, Törnblom H, Brazeilles R, Cools-Portier S, Doré J, et al. Identification of an intestinal microbiota signature associated with severity of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(1):111–23.
[23] De Palma G, Lynch MDJ, Lu J, Dang VT, Deng Y, Jury J, et al. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with irritable bowel syndrome alters gut function and behavior in recipient mice. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(379).
[24] Mars RAT, Yang Y, Ward T, Houtti M, Priya S, Lekatz HR, et al. Longitudinal multi-omics reveals subset-specific mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome. Cell. 2020;182(6):1460–73.
[25] Minerbi A, Gonzalez E, Brereton NJB, Anjarkouchian A, Dewar K, Fitzcharles MA, et al. Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2019;160(11):2589–602.
[26] Chen P, Wang C, Ren YN, Ye ZJ, Jiang C, Wu ZB. Alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in the context of neuropathic pain. Mol Brain. 2021;14(1):1.
[27] Shen S, Lim G, You Z, Ding W, Huang P, Ran C, et al. Gut microbiota is critical for the induction of chemotherapy-induced pain. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20(9):1213–6.
[28] Shelke YP, Badge AK, Bankar NJ. Applications of artificial intelligence in microbial diagnosis. Cureus. 2023;15(11):e.
[29] Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J. 2019;6(2):94–8.
[30] Glassock RJ. Artificial intelligence in medicine and nephrology: Hope, hype, and reality. Clin Kidney J. 2024;17(4).
[31] Sahayasheela VJ, Lankadasari MB, Dan VM, Dastager SG, Pandian GN, Sugiyama H. Artificial intelligence in microbial natural product drug discovery: Current and emerging role. Nat Prod Rep. 2022;39(12):2215–30.
[32] Damhorst GL, Adelman MW, Woodworth MH, Kraft CS. Current capabilities of gut microbiome-based diagnostics and the promise of clinical application. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(3):270–5.
[33] Zreloff ZJ, Lange D, Vernon SD, Carlin MR, Cano RJ. Accelerating gut microbiome research with robust sample collection. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;12(1):33–47.
[34] Dogra SK, Doré J, Damak S. Gut microbiota resilience: Definition, link to health and strategies for intervention. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:572921.
[35] Jiang XL, Gu XY, Zhou XX, Chen XM, Zhang X, Yang YT, et al. Intestinal dysbacteriosis mediates the reference memory deficit induced by anaesthesia/surgery in aged mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;80:605–15.
[36] Chen X, Li HY, Hu XM, Zhang Y, Zhang SY. Current understanding of gut microbiota alterations and related therapeutic intervention strategies in heart failure. Chin Med J (Engl). 2019;132(15):1843–55.
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| Issue | Article in Press |
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| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Anesthesia Microbiota Brain-Gut Axis Artificial Intelligence Perioperative Medicine Personalized Medicine Pain Management Anesthetics | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Merhavy Z, Zeitler C, Varkey T, Brandon M. Going Back to the Future: Anesthesia and the Human Gut Microbiome. Arch Anesth & Crit Care. 2025;.
