Research Article

Evaluation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scores in Patients with Covid- 19: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a traumatic event with a global impact, predicted to increase depression, anxiety, substance use, sadness, and loneliness. This study was conducted to evaluate the scale of depression, anxiety, and stress among patients infected with the COVID-19 virus.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2019 and April 2022. According to the conditions of the study space, available sampling was selected. In addition to demographic characteristics, a questionnaire related to stress, anxiety, and depression (DASS-21) was used to collect data. Then, the collected data were entered into SPSS software for analysis, and Pearson's correlation was used to check the relationship between the variables, with the significance level (P-value) reported.|
Results: Out of a total of 714 participants, 26.1% had higher scores in depression, 37.5% in anxiety, and 15.7% in stress. In this way, two-thirds of the studied population on the depression and anxiety scale and almost half of the studied population on the stress scale experienced degrees of these disorders from mild to very severe during the period of COVID-19 infection. The scores of each subcategory of depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly correlated with each other, which shows that people who have a higher score in one subcategory also have a higher score in two subcategories.
Conclusion: It seems that COVID-19 has an obvious effect on the mental health of people. Thus, more policies and attention are needed in this field to manage the disease.

[1] Di Tella M, Romeo A, Benfante A, Castelli L. Mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy. J Eval Clin Pract. 2020; 26(6):1583-7.
[2] Turna J, Zhang J, Lamberti N, Patterson B, Simpson W, Francisco AP, et al. Anxiety, depression and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a cross-sectional survey. J Psychiatr Res. 2021; 137:96-103.
[3] Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA Intern Med. 2020; 180(6):817-8.
[4] Gao J, Zheng P, Jia Y, Chen H, Mao Y, Chen S, et al. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one. 2020; 15(4):e0231924.
[5] Zhang W-r, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao W-f, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychother Psychosom. 2020; 89(4):242-50.
[6] Cellini N, Canale N, Mioni G, Costa S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID‐19 lockdown in Italy. J Sleep Res. 2020; 29(4):e13074.
[7] Moccia L, Janiri D, Pepe M, Dattoli L, Molinaro M, De Martin V, et al. Affective temperament, attachment style, and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak: an early report on the Italian general population. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:75-9.
[8] Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A. Assessing the anxiety level of Iranian general population during COVID-19 outbreak. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020; 51:102076.
[9] Bagheri SF. Prevalence of Psychological Disorders in Patients with COVID-19 Syndrome. 2021.
[10] Türközer HB, Öngür D. A projection for psychiatry in the post-COVID-19 era: potential trends, challenges, and directions. Molecular Psychiatry. 2020; 25(10):2214-9.
[11] Aguilar‐Lemarroy A, Vallejo‐Ruiz V, Cortés‐Gutiérrez EI, Salgado‐Bernabé ME, Ramos‐González NP, Ortega‐Cervantes L, et al. Human papillomavirus infections in Mexican women with normal cytology, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer: Type‐specific prevalence and HPV coinfections. J Med Virol. 2015; 87(5):871-84.
[12] Koh KB. Stress, emotion, and immunity. Stress and Somatic Symptoms: Biopsychosociospiritual Perspectives. 2018; 43-54.
[13] Prakash J, Dangi A, Chaterjee K, Yadav P, Srivastava K, Chauhan V. Assessment of depression, anxiety and stress in COVID-19 infected individuals and their families. Med J Armed Forces India. 2021; 77:S424-S9.
[14] Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020; 66(5):504-11.
[15] Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 89:531-42.
[16] Dubey S, Biswas P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee S, Dubey MJ, Chatterjee S, Lahiri D, Lavie CJ. Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020; 14(5):779-788.
[17] Lim J, Jeon S, Shin HY, Kim MJ, Seong YM, Lee WJ, et al. Case of the index patient who caused tertiary transmission of COVID-19 infection in Korea: the application of lopinavir/ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19 infected pneumonia monitored by quantitative RT-PCR. J Korean Med Sci. 2020; 35(6):e79-e.
Files
IssueVol 10 No Supp. 2 (2024): Supplement 2 QRcode
SectionResearch Article(s)
DOI https://doi.org/10.18502/aacc.v10is2.17213
Keywords
Depression Anxiety Stress Covid-19
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Abdollahi H, Tavakoli H, Mojtahedi Y, Sedighiyan M, Abdolahi M, Jamshidi MS, Rezvankhah B, Soleymani L, Gandomkar H, Nazemian NA, Asanjarani B, Manouchehri M, Ilkhani S, Ghaniuon A, Shakeri K, Sobhrakhshan Khah A, Yousefi A. Evaluation of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scores in Patients with Covid- 19: A Cross-Sectional Study. Arch Anesth & Crit Care. 2024;10(Supp. 2):565-570.